The 2025 U.S. citizenship test: every civics question and answer

Question 1. What is the form of government of the United States?

• Republic
• Constitution-based federal republic
• Representative democracy

Question 2. What is the supreme law of the land?* 65/20

• (U.S.) Constitution

Question 3. Name one thing the U.S. Constitution does.

• Forms the government
• Defines powers of government
• Defines the parts of government
• Protects the rights of the people

Question 4. The U.S. Constitution starts with the words “We the People.” What does “We the People” mean?

• Self-government
• Popular sovereignty
• Consent of the governed
• People should govern themselves
• (Example of) social contract

Question 5. How are changes made to the U.S. Constitution?

• Amendments
• The amendment process

Question 6. What does the Bill of Rights protect?

• (The basic) rights of Americans
• (The basic) rights of people living in the United States

Question 7. How many amendments does the U.S. Constitution have?* 65/20

• Twenty-seven (27)

Question 8. Why is the Declaration of Independence important?

• It says America is free from British control.
• It says all people are created equal.
• It identifies inherent rights.
• It identifies individual freedoms.

Question 9. What founding document said the American colonies were free from Britain?

• Declaration of Independence

Question 10. Name two important ideas from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

• Equality
• Liberty
• Social contract
• Natural rights
• Limited government
• Self-government

Question 11. The words “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” are in what founding document?

• Declaration of Independence

Question 12. What is the economic system of the United States?* 65/20

• Capitalism
• Free market economy

Question 13. What is the rule of law?

• Everyone must follow the law.
• Leaders must obey the law.
• Government must obey the law.
• No one is above the law.

Question 14. Many documents influenced the U.S. Constitution. Name one.

• Declaration of Independence
• Articles of Confederation
• Federalist Papers
• Anti-Federalist Papers
• Virginia Declaration of Rights
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Mayflower Compact
• Iroquois Great Law of Peace

Question 15. There are three branches of government. Why?

• So one part does not become too powerful
• Checks and balances
• Separation of powers

Question 16. Name the three branches of government.

• Legislative, executive, and judicial
• Congress, president, and the courts

Question 17. The President of the United States is in charge of which branch of government?

• Executive branch

Question 18. What part of the federal government writes laws?

• (U.S.) Congress
• (U.S. or national) legislature
• Legislative branch

Question 19. What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress?

• Senate and House (of Representatives)

Question 20. Name one power of the U.S. Congress.* 65/20

• Writes laws
• Declares war
• Makes the federal budget

Question 21. How many U.S. senators are there?

• One hundred (100)

Question 22. How long is a term for a U.S. senator?

• Six (6) years

Question 23. Who is one of your state’s U.S. senators now?

• Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories should answer that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives) has no U.S. senators.]

The answer depends on where you live. Answers by state: Arizona · California · Florida · Georgia · Illinois · Massachusetts · Michigan · New Jersey · New York · North Carolina · Ohio · Pennsylvania · Texas · Virginia · Washington

Question 24. How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?

• Four hundred thirty-five (435)

Question 25. How long is a term for a member of the House of Representatives?

• Two (2) years

Question 26. Why do U.S. representatives serve shorter terms than U.S. senators?

• To more closely follow public opinion

Question 27. How many senators does each state have?

• Two (2)

Question 28. Why does each state have two senators?

• Equal representation (for small states)
• The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Question 29. Name your U.S. representative.

• Answers will vary. [Residents of territories with nonvoting Delegates or Resident Commissioners may provide the name of that Delegate or Commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) representatives in Congress.]

The answer depends on where you live. Answers by state: Arizona · California · Florida · Georgia · Illinois · Massachusetts · Michigan · New Jersey · New York · North Carolina · Ohio · Pennsylvania · Texas · Virginia · Washington

Question 30. What is the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives now?* 65/20

• Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

USCIS accepts now: Mike Johnson · Johnson · James Michael Johnson. USCIS, Oct 25, 2026

Question 31. Who does a U.S. senator represent?

• Citizens of their state
• People of their state

Question 32. Who elects U.S. senators?

• Citizens from their state

Question 33. Who does a member of the House of Representatives represent?

• Citizens in their (congressional) district
• Citizens in their district
• People from their (congressional) district
• People in their district

Question 34. Who elects members of the House of Representatives?

• Citizens from their (congressional) district

Question 35. Some states have more representatives than other states. Why?

• (Because of) the state’s population
• (Because) they have more people
• (Because) some states have more people

Question 36. The President of the United States is elected for how many years?* 65/20

• Four (4) years

Question 37. The President of the United States can serve only two terms. Why?

• (Because of) the 22nd Amendment
• To keep the president from becoming too powerful

Question 38. What is the name of the President of the United States now?* 65/20

• Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the President of the United States.

USCIS accepts now: Donald J. Trump · Donald Trump · Trump. USCIS, Oct 25, 2026

Question 39. What is the name of the Vice President of the United States now?* 65/20

• Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the Vice President of the United States.

USCIS accepts now: JD Vance · Vance. USCIS, Oct 25, 2026

Question 40. If the president can no longer serve, who becomes president?

• The Vice President (of the United States)

Question 41. Name one power of the president.

• Signs bills into law
• Vetoes bills
• Enforces laws
• Commander in Chief (of the military)
• Chief diplomat
• Appoints federal judges

Question 42. Who is Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?

• The President (of the United States)

Question 43. Who signs bills to become laws?

• The President (of the United States)

Question 44. Who vetoes bills?* 65/20

• The President (of the United States)

Question 45. Who appoints federal judges?

• The President (of the United States)

Question 46. The executive branch has many parts. Name one.

• President (of the United States)
• Cabinet
• Federal departments and agencies

Question 47. What does the President’s Cabinet do?

• Advises the President (of the United States)

Question 48. What are two Cabinet-level positions?

• Attorney General
• Secretary of Agriculture
• Secretary of Commerce
• Secretary of Education
• Secretary of Energy
• Secretary of Health and Human Services
• Secretary of Homeland Security
• Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
• Secretary of the Interior
• Secretary of Labor
• Secretary of State
• Secretary of Transportation
• Secretary of the Treasury
• Secretary of Veterans Affairs
• Secretary of War (Defense)
• Vice-President
• Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
• Administrator of the Small Business Administration
• Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
• Director of the Office of Management and Budget
• Director of National Intelligence
• United States Trade Representative

Question 49. Why is the Electoral College important?

• It decides who is elected president.
• It provides a compromise between the popular election of the president and congressional selection.

Question 50. What is one part of the judicial branch?

• Supreme Court
• Federal Courts

Question 51. What does the judicial branch do?

• Reviews laws
• Explains laws
• Resolves disputes (disagreements) about the law
• Decides if a law goes against the (U.S.) Constitution

Question 52. What is the highest court in the United States?* 65/20

• Supreme Court

Question 53. How many seats are on the Supreme Court?

• Nine (9)

Question 54. How many Supreme Court justices are usually needed to decide a case?

• Five (5)

Question 55. How long do Supreme Court justices serve?

• (For) life
• Lifetime appointment
• (Until) retirement

Question 56. Supreme Court justices serve for life. Why?

• To be independent (of politics)
• To limit outside (political) influence

Question 57. Who is the Chief Justice of the United States now?

• Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the Chief Justice of the United States.

USCIS accepts now: John Roberts · John G. Roberts, Jr. · Roberts. USCIS, Oct 25, 2026

Question 58. Name one power that is only for the federal government.

• Print paper money
• Mint coins
• Declare war
• Create an army
• Make treaties
• Set foreign policy

Question 59. Name one power that is only for the states.

• Provide schooling and education
• Provide protection (police)
• Provide safety (fire departments)
• Give a driver’s license
• Approve zoning and land use

Question 60. What is the purpose of the 10th Amendment?

• (It states that the) powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or to the people.

Question 61. Who is the governor of your state now?* 65/20

• Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. does not have a governor.]

The answer depends on where you live. Answers by state: Arizona · California · Florida · Georgia · Illinois · Massachusetts · Michigan · New Jersey · New York · North Carolina · Ohio · Pennsylvania · Texas · Virginia · Washington

Question 62. What is the capital of your state?

• Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory.]

The answer depends on where you live. Answers by state: Arizona · California · Florida · Georgia · Illinois · Massachusetts · Michigan · New Jersey · New York · North Carolina · Ohio · Pennsylvania · Texas · Virginia · Washington

Question 63. There are four amendments to the U.S. Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them.

• Citizens eighteen (18) and older (can vote).
• You don’t have to pay (a poll tax) to vote.
• Any citizen can vote. (Women and men can vote.)
• A male citizen of any race (can vote).

Question 64. Who can vote in federal elections, run for federal office, and serve on a jury in the United States?

• Citizens
• Citizens of the United States
• U.S. citizens

Question 65. What are three rights of everyone living in the United States?

• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of assembly
• Freedom to petition the government
• Freedom of religion
• The right to bear arms

Question 66. What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance?* 65/20

• The United States
• The flag

Question 67. Name two promises that new citizens make in the Oath of Allegiance.

• Give up loyalty to other countries
• Defend the (U.S.) Constitution
• Obey the laws of the United States
• Serve in the military (if needed)
• Serve (help, do important work for) the nation (if needed)
• Be loyal to the United States

Question 68. How can people become United States citizens?

• Be born in the United States, under the conditions set by the 14th Amendment
• Naturalize
• Derive citizenship (under conditions set by Congress)

Question 69. What are two examples of civic participation in the United States?

• Vote
• Run for office
• Join a political party
• Help with a campaign
• Join a civic group
• Join a community group
• Give an elected official your opinion (on an issue)
• Contact elected officials
• Support or oppose an issue or policy
• Write to a newspaper

Question 70. What is one way Americans can serve their country?

• Vote
• Pay taxes
• Obey the law
• Serve in the military
• Run for office
• Work for local, state, or federal government

Question 71. Why is it important to pay federal taxes?

• Required by law
• All people pay to fund the federal government
• Required by the (U.S.) Constitution (16th Amendment)
• Civic duty

Question 72. It is important for all men age 18 through 25 to register for the Selective Service. Name one reason why.

• Required by law
• Civic duty
• Makes the draft fair, if needed

Question 73. The colonists came to America for many reasons. Name one.

• Freedom
• Political liberty
• Religious freedom
• Economic opportunity
• Escape persecution

Question 74. Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?* 65/20

• American Indians
• Native Americans

Question 75. What group of people was taken and sold as slaves?

• Africans
• People from Africa

Question 76. What war did the Americans fight to win independence from Britain?

• American Revolution
• The (American) Revolutionary War
• War for (American) Independence

Question 77. Name one reason why the Americans declared independence from Britain.

• High taxes
• Taxation without representation
• British soldiers stayed in Americans’ houses (boarding, quartering)
• They did not have self-government
• Boston Massacre
• Boston Tea Party (Tea Act)
• Stamp Act
• Sugar Act
• Townshend Acts
• Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

Question 78. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?* 65/20

• (Thomas) Jefferson

Question 79. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

• July 4, 1776

Question 80. The American Revolution had many important events. Name one.

• (Battle of) Bunker Hill
• Declaration of Independence
• Washington Crossing the Delaware (Battle of Trenton)
• (Battle of) Saratoga
• Valley Forge (Encampment)
• (Battle of) Yorktown (British surrender at Yorktown)

Question 81. There were 13 original states. Name five.

• New Hampshire
• Massachusetts
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
• Maryland
• Virginia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

Question 82. What founding document was written in 1787?

• (U.S.) Constitution

Question 83. The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers.

• (James) Madison
• (Alexander) Hamilton
• (John) Jay
• Publius

Question 84. Why were the Federalist Papers important?

• They helped people understand the (U.S.) Constitution.
• They supported passing the (U.S.) Constitution.

Question 85. Benjamin Franklin is famous for many things. Name one.

• Founded the first free public libraries
• First Postmaster General of the United States
• Helped write the Declaration of Independence
• Inventor
• U.S. diplomat

Question 86. George Washington is famous for many things. Name one.* 65/20

• “Father of Our Country”
• First president of the United States
• General of the Continental Army
• President of the Constitutional Convention

Question 87. Thomas Jefferson is famous for many things. Name one.

• Writer of the Declaration of Independence
• Third president of the United States
• Doubled the size of the United States (Louisiana Purchase)
• First Secretary of State
• Founded the University of Virginia
• Writer of the Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom

Question 88. James Madison is famous for many things. Name one.

• “Father of the Constitution”
• Fourth president of the United States
• President during the War of 1812
• One of the writers of the Federalist Papers

Question 89. Alexander Hamilton is famous for many things. Name one.

• First Secretary of the Treasury
• One of the writers of the Federalist Papers
• Helped establish the First Bank of the United States
• Aide to General George Washington
• Member of the Continental Congress

Question 90. What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803?

• Louisiana Territory
• Louisiana

Question 91. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s.

• War of 1812
• Mexican-American War
• Civil War
• Spanish-American War

Question 92. Name the U.S. war between the North and the South.

• The Civil War

Question 93. The Civil War had many important events. Name one.

• (Battle of) Fort Sumter
• Emancipation Proclamation
• (Battle of) Vicksburg
• (Battle of) Gettysburg
• Sherman’s March
• (Surrender at) Appomattox
• (Battle of) Antietam/Sharpsburg
• Lincoln was assassinated.

Question 94. Abraham Lincoln is famous for many things. Name one.* 65/20

• Freed the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation)
• Saved (or preserved) the Union
• Led the United States during the Civil War
• 16th president of the United States
• Delivered the Gettysburg Address

Question 95. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

• Freed the slaves
• Freed slaves in the Confederacy
• Freed slaves in the Confederate states
• Freed slaves in most Southern states

Question 96. What U.S. war ended slavery?

• The Civil War

Question 97. What amendment says all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are U.S. citizens?

• 14th Amendment

Question 98. When did all men get the right to vote?

• After the Civil War
• During Reconstruction
• (With the) 15th Amendment
• 1870

Question 99. Name one leader of the women’s rights movement in the 1800s.

• Susan B. Anthony
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Sojourner Truth
• Harriet Tubman
• Lucretia Mott
• Lucy Stone

Question 100. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.

• World War I
• World War II
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
• (Persian) Gulf War

Question 101. Why did the United States enter World War I?

• Because Germany attacked U.S. (civilian) ships
• To support the Allied Powers (England, France, Italy, and Russia)
• To oppose the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria)

Question 102. When did all women get the right to vote?

• 1920
• After World War I
• (With the) 19th Amendment

Question 103. What was the Great Depression?

• Longest economic recession in modern history

Question 104. When did the Great Depression start?

• The Great Crash (1929)
• Stock market crash of 1929

Question 105. Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?

• (Franklin) Roosevelt

Question 106. Why did the United States enter World War II?

• (Bombing of) Pearl Harbor
• Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
• To support the Allied Powers (England, France, and Russia)
• To oppose the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)

Question 107. Dwight Eisenhower is famous for many things. Name one.

• General during World War II
• President at the end of (during) the Korean War
• 34th president of the United States
• Signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (Created the Interstate System)

Question 108. Who was the United States’ main rival during the Cold War?

• Soviet Union
• USSR
• Russia

Question 109. During the Cold War, what was one main concern of the United States?

• Communism
• Nuclear war

Question 110. Why did the United States enter the Korean War?

• To stop the spread of communism

Question 111. Why did the United States enter the Vietnam War?

• To stop the spread of communism

Question 112. What did the civil rights movement do?

• Fought to end racial discrimination

Question 113. Martin Luther King, Jr. is famous for many things. Name one.* 65/20

• Fought for civil rights
• Worked for equality for all Americans
• Worked to ensure that people would “not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character”

Question 114. Why did the United States enter the Persian Gulf War?

• To force the Iraqi military from Kuwait

Question 115. What major event happened on September 11, 2001 in the United States?* 65/20

• Terrorists attacked the United States
• Terrorists took over two planes and crashed them into the World Trade Center in New York City
• Terrorists took over a plane and crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia
• Terrorists took over a plane originally aimed at Washington, D.C., and crashed in a field in Pennsylvania

Question 116. Name one U.S. military conflict after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

• (Global) War on Terror
• War in Afghanistan
• War in Iraq

Question 117. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States.

• Apache
• Blackfeet
• Cayuga
• Cherokee
• Cheyenne
• Chippewa
• Choctaw
• Creek
• Crow
• Hopi
• Huron
• Inupiat
• Lakota
• Mohawk
• Mohegan
• Navajo
• Oneida
• Onondaga
• Pueblo
• Seminole
• Seneca
• Shawnee
• Sioux
• Teton
• Tuscarora

For a complete list of tribes, please visit bia.gov.

Question 118. Name one example of an American innovation.

• Light bulb
• Automobile (cars, internal combustion engine)
• Skyscrapers
• Airplane
• Assembly line
• Landing on the moon
• Integrated circuit (IC)

Question 119. What is the capital of the United States?

• Washington, D.C.

Question 120. Where is the Statue of Liberty?

• New York (Harbor)
• Liberty Island [Also acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City, and on the Hudson (River).]

Question 121. Why does the flag have 13 stripes?* 65/20

• (Because there were) 13 original colonies
• (Because the stripes) represent the original colonies

Question 122. Why does the flag have 50 stars?

• (Because there is) one star for each state
• (Because) each star represents a state
• (Because there are) 50 states

Question 123. What is the name of the national anthem?

• The Star-Spangled Banner

Question 124. The Nation’s first motto was “E Pluribus Unum.” What does that mean?

• Out of many, one
• We all become one

Question 125. What is Independence Day?

• A holiday to celebrate U.S. independence (from Britain)
• The country’s birthday

Question 126. Name three national U.S. holidays.* 65/20

• New Year’s Day
• Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
• Presidents Day (Washington’s Birthday)
• Memorial Day
• Juneteenth
• Independence Day
• Labor Day
• Columbus Day
• Veterans Day
• Thanksgiving Day
• Christmas Day

Question 127. What is Memorial Day?

• A holiday to honor soldiers who died in military service

Question 128. What is Veterans Day?

• A holiday to honor people in the (U.S.) military
• A holiday to honor people who have served (in the U.S. military)